SUFIXOS

ADJETIVO + …ness = SUBSTANTIVO ABSTRATO
(significando o estado, a qualidade de).

dark (escuro) happy (feliz) kind (gentil) polite (bem-educado) selfish (egoísta) soft (macio, suave) thick (grosso, espesso) useful (útil) weak (fraco) youthful (com aspecto de jovem)	darkness (escuridão) happiness (felicidade) kindness (gentileza) politeness (boa educação) selfishness (egoísmo) softness (maciez, suavidade) thickness (espessura) usefulness (utilidade) weakness (fraqueza) youthfulness (característica de quem é jovem)

ADJETIVO + …ship  = SUBSTANTIVO ABSTRATO
(significando o estado, a qualidade de).

citizen (cidadão) dealer (negociante, revendedor)          dictator (ditador) friend (amigo) leader (líder) member (sócio, membro de um clube) owner (proprietário) partner (sócio, companheiro) relation (relação)	citizenship (cidadania) dealership (revenda) dictatorship (ditadura) friendship (amizade) leadership (liderança) membership (qualidade de quem é sócio) ownership (posse, propriedade) partnership (sociedade comercial) relationship (relacionamento)

SUBSTANTIVO + …ship = SUBSTANTIVO ABSTRATO (sufixo de baixa produtividade significando o estado de ser). A origem do sufixo _ship é uma história semelhante à do sufixo _hood. Tratava-se de uma palavra independente na época do Old English, relacionada a shape e que tinha o significado de criar, nomear. Ao longo dos séculos aglutinou-se com o substantivo a que se referia adquirindo o sentido de estado ou condição de ser tal coisa.

NOW: Everything about SUFIXES

NOUNS

• -acy, -cy
  
  • Noun: state or quality
    
    • privacy: the state of being alone
      
      • priv + acy
    • infancy: the state of being a baby or young child
      
      • in + fan + cy

• -age
  
  • Noun: activity, or result of action
    
    • courage : having the spirit to overcome fear
      
      • cour + age

• -al
  
  • Noun: action, result of action
    
    • referral : the action of directing a person to another place, person or thing
      
      • re + ferr + al

• -an
  
  • Noun: person
    
    • artisan : a craftsperson
      
      • arti + san

• -ance, -ence
  
  • Noun: action, state, quality or process
    
    • resistance : the action of opposing something
      
      • re + sist + ance
    • independence: the state of not being under the control of others, free, self-governing
      
      • in + de + pend + ence

• -ancy, -ency
  
  • Noun: state, quality or capacity
    
    • vacancy : an empty room or position
      
      • vac + ancy
    • agency: the capacity to exert power or influence, a position or person that performs a function
      
      • ag + ency

• -ant, -ent
  
  • Noun: an agent, something that performs the action
    
    • disinfectant : an agent that destroys germs, somthing that cleans
      
      • dis + in + fect + ant
    • dependent: a thing supported by another, a thing determined by another
      
      • de + pend + ent

• -ate
  
  • Noun: state, office, fuction
    
    • candidate : a person nominated for an office or position
      
      • candid + ate

• -ation
  
  • Noun: action, resulting state
    
    • specialization : the result of being distinguished by one quality or ability
      
      • spec + ial + iz + ation 

• -dom
  
  • Noun: place, state of being
    
    • wisdom : possessing knowledge
      
      • wis + dom

• -er, -or
  
  • Noun: person or thing that does something
    
    • porter : a person who carries things
      
      • port + er
    • collector: a person who collects or gathers things
      
      • col + lect + or

• -ful
  
  • Noun: an amount or quanity that fill
    
    • mouthful : an amount that fills the mouth
      
      • mouth + ful

• -ian, an
  
  • Noun: related to, one that is
    
    • pedestrian : a person who walks
      
      • ped + estr + ian
    • human: a person
      
      • hum + an

• -ia
  
  • Noun: names, diseases
    
    • phobia : an illogical fear of something
      
      • phob + ia

• -iatry
  
  • Noun: art of healing
    
    • psychiatry : branch of medicine that deals with the mind and emotions
      
      • psych + iatry

• -ic, ics
  
  • Noun: related to the arts and sciences
    
    • arithmetic : a branch of math that usually deals with non-negative numbers
      
      • arithm + et + ic
    • economics: the social science related to studying business
      
      • eco + nom + ics

• -ice
  
  • Noun: act
    
    • malice : the desire to do evil
      
      • mal + ice

• -ing
  
  • Noun: material made for, activity, result of an activity
    
    • flooring : a material made for floors
      
      • floor + ing
    • swimming: the activity of swimming or moving through water
      
      • swim(m) + ing
    • building: the result of making a structure
      
      • build + ing
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ion
  
  
  
  • Noun: condition or action
    
    
    
    • abduction : the action of carrying someone away by force
      
      
      
      • ab + duct + ion
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ism
  
  
  
  • Noun: doctrine, belief, action or conduct
    
    
    
    • formalism : a belief in sticking to prescribed forms or artistic styles
      
      
      
      • form + al + ism
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ist
  
  
  
  • Noun: person or member
    
    
    
    • podiatrist : a foot doctor
      
      
      
      • pod + iatr + ist
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ite
  
  
  
  • Noun: product or part
    
    
    
    • graphite : a black material used in making pencils
      
      
      
      • graph + ite
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ity, ty
  
  
  
  • Noun: state or quality
    
    
    
    • lucidity : clear thinking
      
      
      
      • luc + id + ity
      
      
      
    • novelty: something new or unusual
      
      
      
      • nov + el + ty
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ive
  
  
  
  • Noun: condition
    
    
    
    • native : a person born in a specific place
      
      
      
      • nat + ive
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ment
  
  
  
  • Noun: condition or result
    
    
    
    • document : an official paper usually showinf proof or evidence of something
      
      
      
      • docu + ment
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ness
  
  
  
  • Noun: state, condition, quality
    
    
    
    • kindness : the quality of being kind or nice
      
      
      
      • kind + ness
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -or
  
  
  
  • Noun: condition or activity
    
    
    
    • valor : bravery, courage
      
      
      
      • val + or
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ory
  
  
  
  • Noun: place for, serves for
    
    
    
    • territory : an area around a place
      
      
      
      • territ + ory
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ship
  
  
  
  • Noun: status, condition
    
    
    
    • relationship : the state of being related or connected to something or someone
      
      
      
      • re + lat + ion + ship
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ure
  
  
  
  • Noun: act, condition, process, function
    
    
    
    • exposure : the condition of being exposed or unprotected
      
      
      
      • pos + ure
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -y
  
  
  
  • Noun: state, condition, result of an activity
    
    
    
    • society : companionship
      
      
      
      • soci + et + y
      
      
      
    • victory: the result of winning something
      
      
      
      • vict + or + y
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

VERBS

Verbs make statements about nouns, ask questions, give commands, or show states of being. Verbs can be active or passive. Verbs also show tense or time of action.
INDEX: A E I U

• -ate
  
  
  
  • Verb: cause to be
    
    
    
    • graduate : to give a degree to, to pass from one stage to the next
      
      
      
      • gradu + ate
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ed
  
  
  
  • Verb: past tense
    
    
    
    • attained : something that has been reached or grasped
      
      
      
      • at + tain + ed
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -en
  
  
  
  • Verb: to cause to become
    
    
    
    • moisten : to cause to become moist or damp
      
      
      
      • moist + en
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -er, -or
  
  
  
  • Verb: action
    
    
    
    • ponder : to think about
      
      
      
      • pond + er
      
      
      
    • clamor: to make noise, to call for loudly
      
      
      
      • clam + or
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ify
  
  
  
  • Verb: cause
    
    
    
    • specify : to name or indicate in detail
      
      
      
      • spec + ify
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ing
  
  
  
  • Verb: present participle
    
    
    
    • depicting : showing, describing with images or pictures
      
      
      
      • de + pict + ing
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ize
  
  
  
  • Verb: cause
    
    
    
    • fantasize : to dream about something, to create images in the mind
      
      
      
      • fant + as + ize
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ure
  
  
  
  • act
    
    
    
    • Verb: conjecture : to come to a conclusion by supposition or guesswork
      
      
      
      • con + ject + ure
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives describe or modify nouns. Adjectives tell the reader more about the noun used in the sentence.
INDEX: A E F I L O Y
 

• -able, -ible
  
  
  
  • Adjective: worth, ability
    
    
    
    • solvable : able to be solved or explained
      
      
      
      • solv + able
      
      
      
    • incredible: not able to be believed, amazing
      
      
      
      • in + cred + ible
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -al, -ial, -ical
  
  
  
  • Adjective: quality, relation
    
    
    
    • structural : related to the physical make up of a thing
      
      
      
      • struct + ure + al
      
      
      
    • territorial: related to nearby or local areas
      
      
      
      • territ + or + ial
      
      
      
    • categorical: related to a category, aboslute
      
      
      
      • cate + gor + ical
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ant, -ent, -ient
  
  
  
  • Adjective: kind of agent, indication
    
    
    
    • important : marked by worth
      
      
      
      • im + port + ant
      
      
      
    • dependent: determined or relying upon something else
      
      
      
      • de + pend + ent
      
      
      
    • convenient: at hand, easy to use
      
      
      
      • con + ven + ient
      
      
      
    
    
    
  
  
  

• -ar, -ary
  
  
  
  • Adjective: resembling, related to
    
    
    
    • spectacular : related to something that is eye-catching or amazing
      
      
      
      • spectac + ul + ar
      
      
      
    • unitary : related to units or single groups representing quantities
      
      
      
      • unit + ary
      
      
    
    
  
  
  

• -ate
  
  • Adjective: kind of state
    
    • inviolate : not disturbed, pure
      
      • in + viol + ate

• -ed
  
  • Adjective: having the quality of
    
    • terraced : having terraces or steps
      
      • terrac + ed

• -en
  
  • Adjective: material
    
    • silken : made from silk, a fiber produced by worms
      
      • silk + en

• -er
  
  • Adjective: comparative
    
    • brighter : more light
      
      • bright + er

• -est
  
  • Adjective: superlative
    
    • strongest : having the most strength
      
      • strong + est

• -ful
  
  • Adjective: having, giving, marked by
    
    • fanciful : marked by imagination
      
      • fanci + ful

• -ic
  
  • Adjective: quality, relation
    
    • generic : related to a whole group
      
      • gener + ic

• -ile
  
  • Adjective: having the qualities of
    
    • projectile : something thrown with an outside force
      
      • pro + ject + ile

• -ing
  
  • Adjective: activity
    
    • cohering : the act of sticking together
      
      • co + her + ing

• -ish
  
  • Adjective: having the character of
    
    • newish : modern, recent
      
      • new + ish
  
  

• -ive, -ative, -itive
  
  • Adjective: having the quality of
    
    • festive : having the quality of a festival or party
      
      • fest + ive
      
      
    • cooperative : being able or willing to work with another person or thing
      
      • co + oper + ative
      
      
    • sensitive: easily felt, responsive to the senses
      
      • sens + itive
        

• -less
  
  • Adjective: without, missing
    
    • motiveless : a reason for someone to do something
      
      • mot + ive + less
      
      

• -ous, -eous, -ose, -ious
  
  • Adjective: having the quality of, relating to
    
    
    • adventurous : charcterized by the desire to seek new experiences or risks
      
      • ad + vent + ur + ous
      
      
    • courageous : characterized by courage, brave
      
      • cour + ag + eous
      
      
    • verbose: having more words than needed
      
      • verb + ose
      
      
    • fractious: characterized by being difficult or troublesome
      
      • fract + ious

• -y
  
  • Adjective: marked by, having
    
    • hungry : having hunger, marked by a desire
      
      • hungr + y
      
      

ADVERBS
Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
INDEX: F L W

• -fold
  
  • Adverb: in a manner of, marked by
    
    • fourfold : being four times as great
      
      • four + fold
    
    

• -ly
  
  • Adverb: in the manner of
    
    • fluently : marked by ease of movement, effortlessly smooth
      
      • flu + ent + ly

• -ward
  
  • Adverb: in a direction or manner
    
    • homeward : toward home
      
      • home + ward
      
      

• -wise
  
  • Adverb: in the manner of, with regard to
    
    • timewise : with regard to time
      
      • time + wise